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MOTIVATION
MOTIVATION
Motivation is the driving force that causes the flux from desire to will in life. For example: a flower with no water still desires for water to sustain life; however, due to its incapability to move and get water, the flower cannot will for water, hence, suffering from a break in the driving force of motivation; it is not to say, however, that, necessarily, the flower lacks the driving force; therefore, all life can said to have, at its very minimal, the igniting spark of motivation. It can be considered a psychological state that compels or reinforces an action toward a desired goal. For example,hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat.
Motivation has been shown to have roots in physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social areas. Motivation may be rooted in a basic impulse to optimize well-being, minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure. It can also originate from specific physical needs such as eating, sleeping or resting, and sex.
Motivation is an inner drive to behave or act in a certain manner. These inner conditions such as wishes, desires and goals, activate to move in a particular direction in behavior.
Drives
MOTIVATIONAL THOUGHTS:
There
are two types of motivation, Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation. It's
important to understand that we are not all the same; thus effectively
motivating your employees requires that you gain an understanding of the
different types of motivation. Such an understanding will enable you to better
categorize your team members and apply the appropriate type of motivation. You
will find each member different and each member's motivational needs will be
varied as well. Some people respond best to intrinsic which means "from
within" and will meet any obligation of an area of their passion. Quite
the reverse, others will respond better to extrinsic motivation which, in their
world, provides that difficult tasks can be dealt with provided there is a
reward upon completion of that task. Become an expert in determining which type
will work best with which team members.
Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic
motivation means that the individual's motivational stimuli are coming from
within. The individual has the desire to perform a specific task, because its
results are in accordance with his belief system or fulfills a desire and
therefore importance is attached to it.
Our
deep-rooted desires have the highest motivational power. Below are some
examples:
·
Acceptance: We all need to feel that
we, as well as our decisions, are accepted by our co-workers.
·
Curiosity: We all have the desire
to be in the know.
·
Honor: We all need to respect
the rules and to be ethical.
·
Independence: We all need to feel we
are unique.
·
Order: We all need to be
organized.
·
Power: We all have the desire
to be able to have influence.
·
Social contact: We all need to have some social interactions.
·
Social Status: We all have the desire
to feel important.
Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic
motivation means that the individual's motivational stimuli are coming from
outside. In other words, our desires to perform a task are controlled by an
outside source. Note that even though the stimuli are coming from outside, the
result of performing the task will still be rewarding for the individual
performing the task.
Extrinsic
motivation is external in nature. The most well-known and the most debated
motivation is money. Below are some other examples:
·
Employee of the month
award
·
Benefit package
·
Bonuses
·
Organized activities
Comparison of
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Social psychological research has indicated that extrinsic
rewards can lead to over
justification and a subsequent
reduction in intrinsic motivation. In one study demonstrating this effect,
children who expected to be (and were) rewarded with a ribbon and a gold star
for drawing pictures spent less time playing with the drawing materials in
subsequent observations than children who were assigned to an unexpected reward
condition. However, another study showed that third
graders who were rewarded with a book showed more reading behavior in the
future, implying that some rewards do not undermine intrinsic motivation.While the provision of extrinsic rewards might reduce the desirability of an
activity, the use of extrinsic constraints, such as the threat of punishment,
against performing an activity has actually been found to increase one's
intrinsic interest in that activity. In one study, when children were given
mild threats against playing with an attractive toy, it was found that the
threat actually served to increase the child's interest in the toy, which was
previously undesirable to the child in the absence of threat.
For those children who received no extrinsic reward, self-determination
theory proposes that
extrinsic motivation can be internalized by the individual if the task fits
with their values and beliefs and therefore helps to fulfill their basic
psychological needs.
Drives
A drive or desire can
be described as a deficiency or need that activates behavior that is
aimed at a goal or an incentive. These drives are thought to originate
within the individual and may not require external stimuli to encourage the
behavior. Basic drives could be sparked by deficiencies such as hunger, which
motivates a person to seek food whereas more subtle drives might be the desire
for praise and approval, which motivates a person to behave in a manner
pleasing to others. Another basic drive is the sexual drive which like food
motivates us because it is essential to our survival.The desire for sex is
wired deep into the brain of all human beings as glands secrete hormones that
travel through the blood to the brain and stimulates the onset of sexual
desire.The hormone involved in the initial onset of sexual desire is called
dihydroepiandosterone (DHEA).The hormonal basis of both men and women's sex
drives is testosterone.Men naturally have more testosterone than women do and
so are more likely than woman to think about sex, have sexual fantasies, seek
sex and sexual variety (whether positions or partners), masturbate, want sex at
an early point in a relationship, sacrifice other things for sex, have permissive
attitudes for sex, and complain about low sex drive in their partners.
By contrast, the role of extrinsic rewards and stimuli can be
seen in the example of training animals by giving them treats when they perform
a trick correctly. The treat motivates the animals to perform the trick
consistently, even later when the treat is removed from the process.
Incentive theory
A reward, tangible or intangible, is presented after the occurrence of
an action (i.e. behavior) with the intention of causing the behavior to occur
again. This is done byassociating positive meaning to the behavior. Studies show that if the
person receives the reward immediately, the effect is greater, and decreases as
delay lengthens. Repetitive action-reward combination can cause the action to
become habit. Motivation comes from two sources: oneself, and other people.
These two sources are called intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation,
respectively.
Reinforcers and reinforcement principles of
behavior differ from the hypothetical construct of reward. A reinforcer is any
stimulus change following a response that increases the future frequency or
magnitude of that response, therefore the cognitive approach is certainly the
way forward as in 1973 Maslow described it as being the golden pineapple.
Positive reinforcement is demonstrated by an increase in the future frequency
or magnitude of a response due to in the past being followed contingently by a
reinforcing stimulus. Negative reinforcement involves stimulus change
consisting of the removal of an aversive stimulus following a response.
Positive reinforcement involves a stimulus change consisting of the
presentation or magnification of a positive stimulus following a response. From
this perspective, motivation is mediated by environmental events, and the
concept of distinguishing between intrinsic and extrinsic forces is irrelevant.
Applying proper
motivational techniques can be much harder than it seems. Steven Kerr notes
that when creating a reward system, it can be easy to reward A, while hoping
for B, and in the process, reap harmful effects that can jeopardize your goals.
Incentive theory in
psychology treats motivation and behavior of the
individual as they are influenced by beliefs, such as engaging in
activities that are expected to be profitable. Incentive theory is promoted
by behavioral
psychologists, such as B.F. Skinner and literalized
by behaviorists, especially by Skinner in his philosophy of Radical behaviorism, to mean that a person's actions always
have social ramifications:
and if actions are positively received people are more likely to act in this
manner, or if negatively received people are less likely to act in this manner.
Incentive theory
distinguishes itself from other motivation theories, such as drive theory, in the direction of
the motivation. In incentive theory, stimuli "attract", to use the term above, a person
towards them, as opposed to the body seeking to reestablish homeostasis and pushing
towards the stimulus. In terms of behaviorism, incentive theory involvespositive reinforcement: the reinforcing stimulus has been
conditioned to make the person happier. For instance, a person knows that
eating food, drinking water, or gaining social capital will make them
happier. As opposed to in drive theory, which involves negative reinforcement: a stimulus has been associated with the
removal of the punishment—the lack of homeostasis in the body. For
example, a person has come to know that if they eat when hungry, it will
eliminate that negative feeling of hunger, or if they drink
when thirsty, it will eliminate that negative feeling of thirst.
Escape-seeking dichotomy model
Escapism and seeking
are major factors influencing decision making. Escapism is a need
to breakaway from a daily life routine, turning on the television and watching
an adventure film, whereas seeking is described as the desire to learn, turning
on the television to watch a documentary. Both motivations have some interpersonal
and personal facets for example individuals would like to escape from family
problems (personal) or from problems with work colleagues (interpersonal). This
model can also be easily adapted with regard to different studies.
Drive-reduction theory
There are a number of
drive theories. The Drive Reduction Theory grows out of the
concept that people have certain biological drives, such as hunger. As time
passes the strength of the drive increases if it is not satisfied (in this case
by eating). Upon satisfying a drive the drive's strength is reduced. The theory
is based on diverse ideas from the theories of Freud to the ideas of feedback control systems,
such as a thermostat.
Drive theory has some
intuitive or folk validity. For instance when preparing food, the drive model
appears to be compatible with sensations of rising hunger as the food is
prepared, and, after the food has been consumed, a decrease in subjective
hunger. There are several problems, however, that leave the validity of drive
reduction open for debate. The first problem is that it does not explain how
secondary reinforcers reduce drive. For example, money satisfies no biological
or psychological needs, but a pay check appears to reduce drive through second-order conditioning. Secondly, a drive, such as hunger, is viewed
as having a "desire" to eat, making the drive a homuncular being—a
feature criticized as simply moving the fundamental problem behind this
"small man" and his desires.
Drive reduction theory
cannot be a complete theory of behavior, or a hungry human could not prepare a
meal without eating the food before he finished cooking it. The ability of
drive theory to cope with all kinds of behavior, from not satisfying a drive
(by adding on other traits such as restraint), or adding additional drives for
"tasty" food, which combine with drives for food in order to explain
cooking render it hard to test.
Cognitive dissonance theory
Suggested by Leon Festinger, cognitive dissonance occurs when an individual experiences
some degree of discomfort resulting from an inconsistency between two
cognitions: their views on the world around them, and their own personal
feelings and actions. For example, a consumer may seek to reassure themselves
regarding a purchase, feeling in retrospect that another decision may have been
preferable. Their feeling that another purchase would have been preferable is
inconsistent with their action of purchasing the item. The difference between
their feelings and beliefs causes dissonance, so they seek to reassure
themselves.
While not a theory of
motivation, per se, the theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people
have a motivational
drive to
reduce dissonance. The cognitive miser perspective
makes people want to justify things in a simple way in order to reduce the
effort they put into cognition. They do this by changing their attitudes,
beliefs, or actions, rather than facing the inconsistencies, because dissonance
is a mental strain. Dissonance is also reduced by justifying, blaming, and
denying. It is one of the most influential and extensively studied theories
in social psychology.
MOTIVATIONAL THOUGHTS:
John Cline, Ph.D.
Carl E. Pickhardt,
Ph.D.
Ken Page, L.C.S.W.
Scott A. McGreal, MSc.